Extend stops to DACH-region

.gitignore

@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ __pycache__/
 .env
 pbt.env
 instance/
+data/.osm-cache/

README.md

@@ -20,15 +20,18 @@ Beim ersten Start legt die App die Tabellen (`users`, `trips`, `stops`) automati
 
 ## Haltestellen-Lookup
 
-Die Felder „Von" und „Nach" haben eine Autovervollständigung aus allen
+Die Felder „Von" und „Nach" haben eine Autovervollständigung aus den
-österreichischen Haltestellen. Die Daten stammen aus OpenStreetMap
+Haltestellen in Österreich, Deutschland und der Schweiz (DACH) – aktuell
-(© OpenStreetMap-Mitwirkende, ODbL) und liegen als Snapshot im Repo
+**306 954 Haltestellen** (DE 243 278, AT 37 454, CH 26 222). Die Daten stammen
-(`data/stops_at.csv.gz`, ~37 000 Haltestellen).
+aus OpenStreetMap (© OpenStreetMap-Mitwirkende, ODbL) und liegen als Snapshot
+im Repo (`data/stops_dach.csv.gz`, ~7,5 MB gepackt).
 
 Zusätzlich ist pro Haltestelle die Menge der Linien hinterlegt (aus den
-OSM-`route`-Relationen, ~87 % der Halte). Das Feld „Linie" schlägt daraus die
+OSM-`route`-Relationen). Das Feld „Linie" schlägt daraus die Linien vor, die
-Linien vor, die an den gewählten Halten verkehren, und füllt sich selbst aus,
+an den gewählten Halten verkehren, und füllt sich selbst aus, wenn nur eine
-wenn nur eine Linie in Frage kommt. Freitext bleibt immer möglich.
+Linie in Frage kommt. Freitext bleibt immer möglich. Da mehrere Länder
+gleichnamige Haltestellen haben können (mehrere „Hauptbahnhof"), zeigt die
+Vorschlagsliste zusätzlich das Land.
 
 Nach dem Anlegen der Tabellen den Snapshot in die DB laden:
 
@@ -40,14 +43,28 @@ Der Import ist idempotent (Upsert) und braucht kein Internet. Im Produktivbetrie
 übernimmt das die Unit `pbt-import-stops.service` (wird bei jedem Deploy
 angestoßen, s. u.).
 
-Snapshot neu von OpenStreetMap holen (Halte + Linien, ~5 min, braucht Netzugang
+### Snapshot aktualisieren
-und ~1 GB RAM):
+
+Bei dieser Größenordnung (AT+DE+CH) geht sich das nicht mehr über die
+öffentliche Overpass-API aus – schon eine reine Zählabfrage für Deutschland
+oder auch nur die Schweiz läuft dort in den Timeout. Stattdessen lädt
+`fetch_stops.py` die offiziellen Geofabrik-Extrakte pro Land herunter
+(`data/.osm-cache/`, nicht committed, ~6 GB) und wertet sie lokal mit
+`pyosmium` aus – keine Last auf einer geteilten API.
 
 ```bash
-python scripts/fetch_stops.py   # überschreibt data/stops_at.csv.gz
+pip install osmium         # einmalig, nur für dieses Script
+python scripts/fetch_stops.py   # überschreibt data/stops_dach.csv.gz
 flask import-stops
 ```
 
+Braucht Netzugang zum Download, ein paar GB RAM und in der Praxis eher
+1–1,5 Stunden als die 5 Minuten von früher (der Großteil davon ist
+Deutschland – Österreich allein dauert ca. 11 Minuten). Bereits
+heruntergeladene Extrakte werden für spätere Läufe wiederverwendet, solange
+sie in `data/.osm-cache/` liegen (~6 GB, `rm -rf data/.osm-cache/` gibt den
+Platz wieder frei).
+
 ## Kartenvorschau (optional, standardmäßig aus)
 
 Trip-Formular und „Meine Fahrten" können eine kleine Leaflet/OSM-Karte mit den

app.py

@@ -142,6 +142,7 @@ def register_routes(app):
                     "id": stop.id,
                     "name": stop.name,
                     "type": stop.stop_type,
+                    "country": stop.country,
                     "municipality": stop.municipality,
                     "lat": stop.latitude,
                     "lon": stop.longitude,

models.py

@@ -37,7 +37,8 @@ VERKEHRSMITTEL_OPTIONEN = [
 
 
 class Stop(db.Model):
-    """A boardable public-transport stop ("Haltestelle") in Austria.
+    """A boardable public-transport stop ("Haltestelle") in Austria, Germany
+    or Switzerland (DACH).
 
     Sourced from OpenStreetMap; see scripts/fetch_stops.py and stops_import.py.
     """
@@ -52,6 +53,9 @@ class Stop(db.Model):
     # lowercased, accent-folded copy of name for diacritic-insensitive search
     name_normalized = db.Column(db.String(200), nullable=False, index=True)
     stop_type = db.Column(db.String(20), nullable=False, default="other")
+    # ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 of the fetch query that found this stop (AT/DE/CH) -
+    # disambiguates same-named stops across borders (several "Hauptbahnhof").
+    country = db.Column(db.String(2), nullable=False, default="AT")
     municipality = db.Column(db.String(120))
     latitude = db.Column(db.Float, nullable=False)
     longitude = db.Column(db.Float, nullable=False)

scripts/fetch_stops.py

@@ -1,59 +1,51 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-"""Fetch all Austrian public-transport stops (and the lines serving them) from
+"""Fetch all public-transport stops (and the lines serving them) in Austria,
-OpenStreetMap via the Overpass API and write a deduplicated snapshot to
+Germany and Switzerland (DACH) from OpenStreetMap and write a deduplicated
-data/stops_at.csv.gz.
+snapshot to data/stops_dach.csv.gz.
 
 Data © OpenStreetMap contributors, licensed under the ODbL.
 
-Run this only when you want to refresh the snapshot; the import into the
+At this scale the public Overpass API can't be used directly - even a plain
-database reads the checked-in CSV and needs no network access. The route pass
+count query for one of these countries times out on it. Instead this
-downloads a few hundred MB in ~25 tiles and needs roughly 1 GB of RAM.
+downloads the official Geofabrik .osm.pbf extract per country (cached in
+data/.osm-cache/, never committed) and processes it locally with pyosmium.
+No load is put on any shared API.
 
+Run this only when you want to refresh the snapshot; the import into the
+database (`flask import-stops`) reads the checked-in CSV and needs no network
+access. Refreshing needs: `pip install osmium`, ~6 GB of disk for the
+extracts, a few GB of RAM, and maybe 15-30 minutes depending on disk speed
+(most of it is Germany).
+
+    pip install osmium
     python scripts/fetch_stops.py
 """
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import csv
 import gzip
-import json
 import math
-import re
 import sys
-import time
 import unicodedata
-import urllib.parse
 import urllib.request
 from pathlib import Path
 
-OUT_PATH = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent / "data" / "stops_at.csv.gz"
+import osmium
 
-OVERPASS_ENDPOINTS = [
+OUT_PATH = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent / "data" / "stops_dach.csv.gz"
-    "https://overpass-api.de/api/interpreter",
+CACHE_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent / "data" / ".osm-cache"
-    "https://overpass.kumi.systems/api/interpreter",
-    "https://overpass.private.coffee/api/interpreter",
-]
 
-# Named nodes in Austria that represent a boardable stop ("Haltestelle").
+# ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 -> Geofabrik region file basename.
-STOPS_QUERY = """
+GEOFABRIK_REGIONS = {
-[out:json][timeout:600];
+    "AT": "austria",
-area["ISO3166-1"="AT"][admin_level=2]->.at;
+    "CH": "switzerland",
-(
+    "DE": "germany",
-  node(area.at)["highway"="bus_stop"]["name"];
+}
-  node(area.at)["railway"="tram_stop"]["name"];
-  node(area.at)["railway"="station"]["name"];
-  node(area.at)["railway"="halt"]["name"];
-  node(area.at)["public_transport"="station"]["name"];
-  node(area.at)["amenity"="bus_station"]["name"];
-);
-out body;
-"""
 
-ROUTE_MODES = "bus|trolleybus|tram|light_rail|subway|train|monorail|share_taxi"
+ROUTE_MODES = {
-
+    "bus", "trolleybus", "tram", "light_rail", "subway", "train",
-# Austria bbox, tiled so each Overpass response stays small enough to parse.
+    "monorail", "share_taxi",
-BBOX = (46.35, 9.50, 49.05, 17.20)  # south, west, north, east
+}
-LAT_STEP = 0.9
-LON_STEP = 1.0
 
 STOP_ROLES = {
     "stop", "platform",
@@ -62,7 +54,7 @@ STOP_ROLES = {
 }
 
 CSV_FIELDS = [
-    "osm_type", "osm_id", "name", "stop_type",
+    "osm_type", "osm_id", "name", "stop_type", "country",
     "municipality", "latitude", "longitude", "lines",
 ]
 
@@ -72,6 +64,8 @@ TYPE_RANK = {"subway": 5, "train": 4, "bus_station": 3, "tram": 2, "bus": 1, "ot
 # nodes with the same name closer than this are treated as one stop.
 MERGE_METERS = 250.0
 
+MIN_STOPS = 100_000  # DACH sanity floor; refuse to overwrite a good snapshot with junk
+
 
 def normalize_name(value: str) -> str:
     """Lowercase, fold accents and ß so search is diacritic-insensitive.
@@ -112,46 +106,76 @@ def municipality_of(tags: dict) -> str:
     return ""
 
 
-def overpass(query: str, *, tries: int = 4) -> dict:
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
-    body = urllib.parse.urlencode({"data": query}).encode()
+# Geofabrik download
-    last_error: Exception | None = None
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
-    for attempt in range(tries):
+def download_extract(iso: str) -> Path:
-        endpoint = OVERPASS_ENDPOINTS[attempt % len(OVERPASS_ENDPOINTS)]
+    region = GEOFABRIK_REGIONS[iso]
-        try:
+    CACHE_DIR.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-            req = urllib.request.Request(
+    dest = CACHE_DIR / f"{region}-latest.osm.pbf"
-                endpoint, data=body, headers={"User-Agent": "pbt-stop-import/1.0"}
+    if dest.exists() and dest.stat().st_size > 0:
-            )
+        print(f"  using cached {dest.name} ({dest.stat().st_size / 1e6:.0f} MB)", file=sys.stderr)
-            with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=600) as resp:
+        return dest
-                return json.load(resp)
+
-        except Exception as exc:  # noqa: BLE001 - retry on another mirror
+    url = f"https://download.geofabrik.de/europe/{region}-latest.osm.pbf"
-            last_error = exc
+    tmp = dest.with_suffix(".pbf.part")
-            print(f"  {endpoint} failed ({exc}); retrying", file=sys.stderr)
+    print(f"  downloading {url} ...", file=sys.stderr)
-            time.sleep(10 * (attempt + 1))
+    with urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=1800) as resp, open(tmp, "wb") as fh:
-    raise SystemExit(f"Overpass failed after {tries} tries; last error: {last_error}")
+        while True:
+            chunk = resp.read(1 << 20)
+            if not chunk:
+                break
+            fh.write(chunk)
+    tmp.rename(dest)
+    print(f"  downloaded {dest.name} ({dest.stat().st_size / 1e6:.0f} MB)", file=sys.stderr)
+    return dest
 
 
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
 # Stops
+#
+# All three passes below use osmium.FileProcessor with a native (C++-side)
+# filter rather than SimpleHandler.apply_file(): filtering there means most
+# objects never cross into Python at all. A plain SimpleHandler callback -
+# even one that returns immediately - has to be invoked for every single
+# node in the file, and that per-call overhead alone made a whole-country
+# extract (tens of millions of nodes) impractically slow in testing.
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
-def build_stop_rows(payload: dict) -> list[dict]:
+def collect_stop_nodes(pbf_path: Path, iso: str) -> list[dict]:
-    by_name: dict[str, list[dict]] = {}
+    nodes: list[dict] = []
-    for element in payload.get("elements", []):
+    fp = osmium.FileProcessor(str(pbf_path)).with_filter(osmium.filter.EmptyTagFilter())
-        if element.get("type") != "node":
+    for obj in fp:
+        if not obj.is_node() or not obj.location.valid():
+            continue
+        tags = obj.tags
+        if not (
+            tags.get("highway") == "bus_stop"
+            or tags.get("railway") in ("tram_stop", "station", "halt")
+            or tags.get("public_transport") == "station"
+            or tags.get("amenity") == "bus_station"
+        ):
             continue
-        tags = element.get("tags", {})
         name = (tags.get("name") or "").strip()
-        lat, lon = element.get("lat"), element.get("lon")
+        if not name:
-        if not name or lat is None or lon is None:
             continue
-        node = {
+        tags_dict = {t.k: t.v for t in tags}
-            "osm_id": int(element["id"]),
+        nodes.append({
+            "osm_id": int(obj.id),
             "name": name,
-            "stop_type": classify(tags),
+            "stop_type": classify(tags_dict),
-            "municipality": municipality_of(tags),
+            "country": iso,
-            "latitude": round(float(lat), 6),
+            "municipality": municipality_of(tags_dict),
-            "longitude": round(float(lon), 6),
+            "latitude": round(obj.location.lat, 6),
-        }
+            "longitude": round(obj.location.lon, 6),
-        by_name.setdefault(normalize_name(name), []).append(node)
+        })
+    print(f"  {iso}: {len(nodes)} raw stop nodes", file=sys.stderr)
+    return nodes
+
+
+def build_stop_rows(nodes: list[dict]) -> list[dict]:
+    by_name: dict[str, list[dict]] = {}
+    for node in nodes:
+        by_name.setdefault(normalize_name(node["name"]), []).append(node)
 
     rows: list[dict] = []
     for group in by_name.values():
@@ -180,6 +204,7 @@ def build_stop_rows(payload: dict) -> list[dict]:
                 "osm_id": min(n["osm_id"] for n in cluster),
                 "name": lead["name"],
                 "stop_type": lead["stop_type"],
+                "country": lead["country"],
                 "municipality": lead["municipality"]
                 or next((n["municipality"] for n in cluster if n["municipality"]), ""),
                 "latitude": round(sum(n["latitude"] for n in cluster) / len(cluster), 6),
@@ -194,54 +219,52 @@ def build_stop_rows(payload: dict) -> list[dict]:
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
 # Lines (route relations -> stops)
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
-def fetch_route_members() -> tuple[list[tuple[str, int]], dict[int, tuple[str, float, float]]]:
+def collect_route_members(pbf_path: Path) -> tuple[list[tuple[str, int]], dict[int, tuple[str, float, float]]]:
-    """Return (ref, node_id) pairs plus node_id -> (name, lat, lon)."""
+    """Pass 1: which route relations do we care about, and which node ids do
-    seen_rel: set[int] = set()
+    their stop/platform members point at? Pass 2: resolve name/coordinates
-    ref_members: list[tuple[str, int]] = []
+    for exactly those node ids (they're often bare stop_position nodes with
-    node_pos: dict[int, tuple[str, float, float]] = {}
+    no tags at all, so this can't be narrowed with a tag filter like the
+    stops pass - it has to look at every node, hence EntityFilter rather
+    than EmptyTagFilter to at least skip all ways in the same pass)."""
+    relations: list[tuple[list[str], list[int]]] = []
+    wanted_node_ids: set[int] = set()
 
-    south, west, north, east = BBOX
+    fp1 = osmium.FileProcessor(str(pbf_path)).with_filter(osmium.filter.EntityFilter(osmium.osm.RELATION))
-    lat = south
+    for obj in fp1:
-    tiles: list[tuple[float, float, float, float]] = []
+        tags = obj.tags
-    while lat < north:
+        if tags.get("route") not in ROUTE_MODES:
-        lon = west
+            continue
-        while lon < east:
+        raw_ref = tags.get("ref")
-            tiles.append((lat, lon, min(lat + LAT_STEP, north), min(lon + LON_STEP, east)))
+        if not raw_ref:
-            lon += LON_STEP
-        lat += LAT_STEP
-
-    for i, (s, w, n, e) in enumerate(tiles, 1):
-        print(f"  route tile {i}/{len(tiles)} ({s:.1f},{w:.1f})", file=sys.stderr)
-        query = (
-            f"[out:json][timeout:400];"
-            f'relation["type"="route"]["route"~"^({ROUTE_MODES})$"]["ref"]'
-            f"({s},{w},{n},{e})->.r;"
-            f".r out body;"
-            f"node(r.r);out body;"
-        )
-        payload = overpass(query)
-        for el in payload.get("elements", []):
-            if el["type"] == "node":
-                tags = el.get("tags", {})
-                node_pos[el["id"]] = (tags.get("name", ""), el["lat"], el["lon"])
-            elif el["type"] == "relation":
-                if el["id"] in seen_rel:
             continue
-                seen_rel.add(el["id"])
         # A few relations pack several numbers into one ref ("407, 413").
-                refs = [r.strip() for r in re.split(r"[;,]", el["tags"]["ref"]) if r.strip()]
+        refs = [part.strip() for part in raw_ref.replace(",", ";").split(";") if part.strip()]
         if not refs:
             continue
-                members = [
+        member_ids = [m.ref for m in obj.members if m.type == "n" and m.role in STOP_ROLES]
-                    m["ref"] for m in el.get("members", [])
+        if not member_ids:
-                    if m["type"] == "node" and m["role"] in STOP_ROLES
+            continue
-                ]
+        relations.append((refs, member_ids))
-                for ref in refs:
+        wanted_node_ids.update(member_ids)
-                    for node_id in members:
-                        ref_members.append((ref, node_id))
-        del payload
 
-    print(f"  {len(seen_rel)} routes, {len(ref_members)} stop memberships", file=sys.stderr)
+    print(
+        f"  {len(relations)} route relations, "
+        f"{len(wanted_node_ids)} distinct stop-member nodes to resolve",
+        file=sys.stderr,
+    )
+
+    node_pos: dict[int, tuple[str, float, float]] = {}
+    fp2 = osmium.FileProcessor(str(pbf_path)).with_filter(osmium.filter.EntityFilter(osmium.osm.NODE))
+    for obj in fp2:
+        if obj.id not in wanted_node_ids or not obj.location.valid():
+            continue
+        node_pos[obj.id] = (obj.tags.get("name", ""), obj.location.lat, obj.location.lon)
+
+    ref_members: list[tuple[str, int]] = []
+    for refs, member_ids in relations:
+        for ref in refs:
+            for node_id in member_ids:
+                ref_members.append((ref, node_id))
     return ref_members, node_pos
 
 
@@ -302,16 +325,31 @@ def line_sort_key(ref: str):
 
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
 def main() -> None:
-    print("Fetching stops ...", file=sys.stderr)
+    all_nodes: list[dict] = []
-    rows = build_stop_rows(overpass(STOPS_QUERY))
+    all_ref_members: list[tuple[str, int]] = []
-    if len(rows) < 10_000:
+    all_node_pos: dict[int, tuple[str, float, float]] = {}
+
+    for iso in GEOFABRIK_REGIONS:
+        print(f"=== {iso} ===", file=sys.stderr)
+        pbf_path = download_extract(iso)
+
+        print("  collecting stops ...", file=sys.stderr)
+        all_nodes.extend(collect_stop_nodes(pbf_path, iso))
+
+        print("  collecting routes ...", file=sys.stderr)
+        ref_members, node_pos = collect_route_members(pbf_path)
+        all_ref_members.extend(ref_members)
+        all_node_pos.update(node_pos)
+
+    print("Clustering stops ...", file=sys.stderr)
+    rows = build_stop_rows(all_nodes)
+    if len(rows) < MIN_STOPS:
         raise SystemExit(
-            f"Only {len(rows)} stops parsed - refusing to overwrite the snapshot."
+            f"Only {len(rows)} stops parsed (< {MIN_STOPS}) - refusing to overwrite the snapshot."
         )
 
-    print("Fetching routes ...", file=sys.stderr)
+    print("Matching lines to stops ...", file=sys.stderr)
-    ref_members, node_pos = fetch_route_members()
+    matched, unmatched = assign_lines(rows, all_ref_members, all_node_pos)
-    matched, unmatched = assign_lines(rows, ref_members, node_pos)
 
     OUT_PATH.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
     with gzip.open(OUT_PATH, "wt", newline="", encoding="utf-8") as fh:
@@ -322,10 +360,13 @@ def main() -> None:
             writer.writerow(row)
 
     by_type: dict[str, int] = {}
+    by_country: dict[str, int] = {}
     for row in rows:
         by_type[row["stop_type"]] = by_type.get(row["stop_type"], 0) + 1
+        by_country[row["country"]] = by_country.get(row["country"], 0) + 1
     with_lines = sum(1 for r in rows if r["lines"])
     print(f"Wrote {len(rows)} stops to {OUT_PATH}", file=sys.stderr)
+    print(f"  by country: {by_country}", file=sys.stderr)
     print(f"  by type: {by_type}", file=sys.stderr)
     print(
         f"  lines: {with_lines} stops have >=1 line "

static/stops.js

@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@
         }
         var kind = document.createElement("span");
         kind.className = "kind";
-        kind.textContent = TYPE_LABEL[stop.type] || "";
+        kind.textContent = (TYPE_LABEL[stop.type] || "") + " · " + stop.country;
         el.appendChild(kind);
       },
       onChoose: function (stop) { input.value = stop.name; markMatch(stop); },

stops_import.py

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-"""Load the checked-in Austrian stop snapshot into the ``stops`` table.
+"""Load the checked-in DACH stop snapshot into the ``stops`` table.
 
-The snapshot (data/stops_at.csv.gz) is produced by scripts/fetch_stops.py from
+The snapshot (data/stops_dach.csv.gz) is produced by scripts/fetch_stops.py
-OpenStreetMap data (© OpenStreetMap contributors, ODbL). Importing needs no
+from OpenStreetMap data (© OpenStreetMap contributors, ODbL) for Austria,
-network access.
+Germany and Switzerland. Importing needs no network access.
 
     flask import-stops              # import the checked-in snapshot
     flask import-stops --file X     # import an alternative CSV(.gz)
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ from flask.cli import with_appcontext
 
 from models import Stop, Trip, db
 
-SNAPSHOT_PATH = Path(__file__).resolve().parent / "data" / "stops_at.csv.gz"
+SNAPSHOT_PATH = Path(__file__).resolve().parent / "data" / "stops_dach.csv.gz"
 
 
 def normalize_name(value: str) -> str:
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ def import_stops(path: Path | str = SNAPSHOT_PATH) -> dict[str, int]:
             name=name,
             name_normalized=normalize_name(name),
             stop_type=row["stop_type"] or "other",
+            country=(row.get("country") or "AT").strip().upper(),
             municipality=(row.get("municipality") or "").strip() or None,
             latitude=float(row["latitude"]),
             longitude=float(row["longitude"]),
@@ -120,7 +121,7 @@ def import_stops(path: Path | str = SNAPSHOT_PATH) -> dict[str, int]:
 )
 @with_appcontext
 def import_stops_command(file_path: str | None) -> None:
-    """Import Austrian public-transport stops into the database."""
+    """Import DACH public-transport stops into the database."""
     stats = import_stops(file_path or SNAPSHOT_PATH)
     click.echo(
         "Stops imported: "